What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

The distinction between a hypothesis and a theory is foundational in scientific inquiry. A hypothesis serves as a testable prediction made before conducting experiments or observations. It provides a specific proposition that researchers can investigate to determine its validity. For instance, a hypothesis might predict how a certain variable will affect another based on prior knowledge or observations.

On the other hand, a theory represents a significant, well-substantiated explanation for a phenomenon that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation. Theories are comprehensive in nature, integrating a wide range of facts, findings, and principles, and they provide a deeper understanding of the underlying principles of the natural world. Examples of scientific theories include the theory of evolution and the germ theory of disease, both of which are supported by extensive evidence and research.

In contrast, the other options misrepresent the nature of hypotheses and theories. For instance, the idea that a hypothesis is simply an untested idea does not capture its role as a predictive statement. Similarly, the characterization of a theory as a proven fact lacks the nuance that scientific theories are subject to revision and refinement as new evidence emerges. Understanding these nuances is crucial for grasping the scientific method and the role of both hypotheses and theories in research.