What is genetic engineering?

Genetic engineering involves manipulating an organism's DNA to alter its characteristics, which can include adding new traits, enhancing existing functions, or removing undesirable traits. This biotechnological process allows scientists to directly modify the genetic makeup of an organism, leading to changes that are not possible through traditional breeding methods. For instance, genetic engineering can lead to crops that are resistant to pests or have improved nutritional content by introducing specific genes from other organisms. The focus on DNA manipulation distinguishes genetic engineering from other biological practices.

While the other options mention relevant concepts in biology, they do not specifically address the direct alteration of DNA, which is the fundamental aspect of genetic engineering. For example, studying organisms in their natural habitats pertains more to ecology, and enhancing natural reproduction rates or engaging in selective breeding involves traditional techniques aimed at improving traits without directly altering the genetic code.