What is a scientific theory?

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A scientific theory is a comprehensive explanation of certain phenomena in the natural world that is based on extensive empirical evidence gathered through observation and experimentation. The hallmark of a scientific theory is its ability to unify a broad range of facts, observations, and findings into a coherent framework that can explain how and why things work as they do.

Theories are not just educated guesses or hypotheses; they undergo rigorous testing and peer review. They also predict outcomes in new situations and can be refined or revised based on new evidence. For example, the theory of evolution or the theory of relativity represents well-supported explanations that have withstood extensive scrutiny and have repeatedly been validated through research.

In contrast, a hypothesis refers to a proposed explanation that has yet to be rigorously tested. While a hypothesis may lead to theories when it gains sufficient support, it is not synonymous with a scientific theory. Similarly, a belief that cannot be tested does not meet the criteria for scientific inquiry and therefore cannot contribute to scientific knowledge or understanding.

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